Mazaika serial11/27/2022 ![]() Studies have also shown greater activation for multiplication problems in left MTG/STG for trained vs. Zhou et al., 2007) and subtractions ( Andres et al., 2011 Prado et al., 2011). Several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have found greater left MTG/STG activations for multiplication problems ( Arsalidou and Taylor, 2011), when compared to control conditions ( Jost et al., 2009), additions (e.g. The left temporo-parietal areas are considered to house the verbal representations of math facts and it is generally believed that those facts are represented as phonological codes ( Dehaene et al., 2003). According to the triple-code model of number processing in the adult brain, multiplication task solving engages verbal representations associated with left perisylvian language areas, including the superior and middle temporal gyri (STG and MTG, respectively), the angular gyrus (AG), as well as the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) ( Dehaene et al., 2003 Klein et al., 2016). Geary et al., 1991) and a building block of more advanced mathematical competence. This shift towards retrieval is a hallmark of children’s cognitive development (e.g. #Mazaika serial free#Gaining this automaticity is important because it allows children to free up their working memory, so they can invest those cognitive resources in the acquisition of new and more advanced math concepts ( Geary, 1994). After consistent practice, children attain a level of mastery that enables them to retrieve the solution directly from long-term memory. Although multiplications are initially introduced as repeated additions, very soon teachers start to encourage their students to learn arithmetic facts by rote, by repeatedly reciting multiplication tables ( Dehaene, 1992). One of the milestones in elementary school math is to learn and become fluent in retrieving multiplication tables. De Brauwer and Fias, 2009), little is known about the changes in the brain that support that improvement. Although previous behavioral studies have shown that elementary school children significantly improve arithmetic proficiency (e.g. Recent studies have shown that math ability at age 7 predicted socioeconomic status (SES) at age 42, beyond the effects of SES at birth ( Ritchie and Bates, 2013) and that students showing increases in their math scores during high school had higher earnings 7 years after high school as compared to those who did not improve as much ( Rose, 2006). Mathematical proficiency is required for a workforce well trained in science, technology and engineering disciplines. These results suggest that lack of improvement in multiplications are associated with greater cognitive control of verbal representations and greater engagement of numerical operations. The cluster showing greater levels of connectivity in the left IFG at T2 for the Non-improvers overlapped a cluster independently identified by a verbal localizer task and the cluster showing greater levels of connectivity in the left IPS Non-improvers overlapped a cluster independently identified by a numerosity localizer task. We found that children who did not improve in a multiplication task showed greater levels of functional connectivity of left temporal cortex with left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) at T2, as compared to their peers who improved. left and right inferior and superior parietal lobules). left inferior frontal gyrus) as well as parietal cortex (i.e. posterior superior and middle temporal gyri) and examining changes in connectivity with frontal cortex (i.e. A Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) analysis was carried out by defining the seed in the temporal cortex (i.e. Longitudinal data was collected from 45 children, with an average 2.2-year interval between the two sessions, when they were about 11 years old at time 1 (T1) and 13 years old at time 2 (T2). The objective of this study was to investigate how changes in multiplication task performance is associated with changes in functional connectivity of temporal cortex with frontal and parietal cortices. Moreover, previous studies have not employed longitudinal designs, so we do not know how changes in multiplication performance over time is related to changes in its neural basis. Previous studies on multiplication have focused on brain activation in isolated nodes of the network, so we do not know how functional connectivity between these nodes is related to competence. Lower levels of math competence for multiplications is associated with greater effortful retrieval because of less robust verbal representations and the engagement of numerical operations as a back-up strategy. Models of the neural basis of arithmetic argue that left inferior frontal cortex is involved in cognitive control of verbal representations of math facts in left lateral temporal cortex, whereas bilateral intra-parietal cortex is involved in numerical calculation. ![]()
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